motion-picture machine

motion ['məʊʃən]

1 noun

(a) (movement) mouvement m;

∎ the gentle motion of the boat le mouvement léger du bateau

(b) (gesture) geste m, mouvement m;

∎ he made a motion as if to step back il esquissa un geste de recul;

∎ with a swaying motion of the hips en ondulant des hanches;

∎ to go through the motions of doing sth faire qch machinalement;

∎ they just went through the motions of applauding ils ont applaudi machinalement;

∎ he's just going through the motions il fait juste semblant

(c) (proposal) motion f, résolution f;

∎ to carry a motion faire adopter une motion;

∎ to propose or to bring a motion présenter une motion, soumettre une proposition;

∎ to table a motion of no confidence déposer une motion de censure

(d) Law (application) requête f

(e) Medicine (faeces) selles fpl;

∎ to have or to pass a motion aller à la selle

(f) Music mouvement m;

∎ contrary motion mouvement m contraire

2 intransitive verb

∎ to motion to sb (to do sth) faire signe à qn (de faire qch)

3 transitive verb

∎ to motion sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch;

∎ to motion sb in/away/out faire signe à qn d'entrer/de s'éloigner/de sortir

4 in motion

1 adjective

(moving) en mouvement; (working) en marche;

∎ do not alight while the train is in motion il est interdit de descendre du train avant l'arrêt complet

2 adverb

∎ he set the machine in motion il mit la machine en marche;

∎ we'll be setting the new system in motion next year nous mettrons le nouveau système en place l'année prochaine;

∎ to set the wheels in motion démarrer

►► American Cinema motion picture film m;

American motion sickness mal m des transports

motion [ˈməʊ∫ən]

1. noun

   a. mouvement m

• to set in motion [+ machine] mettre en marche ; [+ process] mettre en branle

• to set the wheels in motion lancer le processus

   b. ( = gesture) mouvement m

• to go through the motions of doing sth (mechanically) faire qch machinalement ; (insincerely) faire mine de faire qch

   c. (at meeting, in parliament) motion f

2. intransitive verb

• to motion to sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch

3. compounds

► motion picture noun film m

► motion sickness noun mal m des transports

* * *

1) ( movement) mouvement m

2) ( gesture) ( of hands) geste m; (of head, body) mouvement m

3) Administration, Politics motion f

4) Medicine selles fpl

transitive verb

intransitive verb faire signe (to à)

••

1) (movement) Bewegung, die; Gang, der

2) (gesture) Bewegung, die; Wink, der

3) (formal proposal; also Law) Antrag, der

4) (of bowels) Stuhlgang, der

5) in sing. or pl. (faeces) Stuhl, der

6)

* * *

1) (the act or state of moving: the motion of the planets; He lost the power of motion.) die Bewegung

2) (a single movement or gesture: He summoned the waiter with a motion of the hand.) die Bewegung

3) (a proposal put before a meeting: She was asked to speak against the motion in the debate.) der Antrag

- academic.ru/48174/motionless">motionless

* * *

[ˈməʊʃ^ən, AM ˈmoʊ-]

I. n

1. no pl (movement) of things Bewegung f, Gang m

in slow \motion in Zeitlupe

to put [or set] sth in \motion etw in Gang bringen [o Bewegung setzen]; of people Fortbewegung f, Körperbewegung f, Gang m

2. (gesture) Bewegung f, Zeichen nt

\motion of the hand/head Hand-/Kopfbewegung f, Zeichen nt mit der Hand/dem Kopf

3. POL (proposal) Antrag m fachspr, Motion f SCHWEIZ

early day \motion frühzeitig gestellter Antrag [im Unterhaus]

to defeat a \motion einen Antrag ablehnen [o zu Fall bringen] fachspr

to pass [or carry] a \motion einen Antrag annehmen [o durchbringen] fachspr

to propose [or BRIT table] a \motion einen Antrag stellen [o einbringen] fachspr

4. BRIT, AUS ( dated: excretion) Stuhl[gang] m fachspr

▶ to go through the \motions [of doing sth] (pretend) [etw] zum Schein machen, so tun, als ob man [etw] macht

they went through the \motions of fighting sie kämpften nur zum Schein; (do routinely) [etw] der Form halber [o pro forma] [o ganz mechanisch] machen

he went through the \motions of welcoming our guests but then left the room immediately der Form halber begrüßte er unsere Gäste, verließ dann aber sofort den Raum

▶ to set the wheels in \motion die Sache in Gang bringen

II. vt

▪ to \motion sb away/forward jdn wegwinken/nach vorn winken

▪ to \motion sb aside/in jdn zur Seite winken/hereinwinken

▪ to \motion sb to do sth jdn durch einen Wink auffordern [o geh jdm bedeuten], etw zu tun

she \motioned us to sit down sie bedeutete uns, Platz zu nehmen

III. vi

▪ to \motion to sb to do sth jdn durch einen Wink auffordern [o geh jdm bedeuten], etw zu tun

* * *

1. n

1) no pl (= movement) Bewegung f

2) (= gesture) Bewegung f

3) (= proposal) Antrag m

4) (in debate) Thema nt

5) (Brit: bowel motion) Stuhlgang m; (= faeces) Stuhl m

2. vt

3. vi

* * *

motion [ˈməʊʃn]

A s

1. Bewegung f ( auch MATH, MUS, PHYS):

go through the motions nur so tun;

a) etwas pro forma tun,

b) so tun, als ob man etwas täte

2. Gang m ( auch TECH), Bewegung f:

be in motion in Gang sein (a. fig), in Bewegung sein;

the train was already in motion when he jumped on der Zug hatte sich bereits in Bewegung gesetzt, als;

put ( oder set) in motion in Gang bringen (a. fig), in Bewegung setzen; → idle A 5, lost B 1

3. Bewegung f, Geste f, Wink m:

motion of the head Zeichen n mit dem Kopf, Kopfbewegung

4. Antrieb m:

a) aus eigenem Antrieb,

b) freiwillig

5. pl Schritte pl, Tun n, Handlungen pl:

6. JUR, PARL etc Antrag m:

bring forward ( oder propose) a motion (einen) Antrag stellen ( for auf akk);

on the motion of auf Antrag von (od gen); → carry B 11 b

7. TECH Steuerung f:

motion bar Führungsstange f

8. MED

a) Stuhl(gang) m:

have a motion Stuhlgang haben

b) oft pl Stuhl m

9. obs

a) Puppenspiel n

b) Puppe f, Marionette f

B v/i winken ( with mit; to, at dat)

C v/t jemandem (zu)winken, jemanden durch einen Wink auffordern, jemandem ein Zeichen geben ( alle:

to do zu tun):

motion sb into the room jemanden ins Zimmer winken;

motion sb into a chair jemanden mit einer Handbewegung auffordern, Platz zu nehmen

* * *

1) (movement) Bewegung, die; Gang, der

2) (gesture) Bewegung, die; Wink, der

3) (formal proposal; also Law) Antrag, der

4) (of bowels) Stuhlgang, der

5) in sing. or pl. (faeces) Stuhl, der

6)

* * *

Bewegung -en f.

Bewegung m. v.

ein Zeichen geben ausdr.

* * *

1) (the act or state of moving: the motion of the planets; He lost the power of motion.) ruch

2) (a single movement or gesture: He summoned the waiter with a motion of the hand.) ruch

3) (a proposal put before a meeting: She was asked to speak against the motion in the debate.) wniosek

- motionless

1) Общая лексика: многоцелевой, универсальный

2) Компьютерная техника: Macro Parameter, Management Processor, Mini Profile, Multi Platform, Multi Processing, Multi Processor, Multiple Processor

3) Морской термин: загрязнитель моря (Marine Pollutant( IMO cargo type classification))

4) Медицина: макулярный пигмент, митогенный протеин, предварительное намагничивание (magnetization prepared)

5) Американизм: Military Police

6) Ботаника: Murmuring Pine

7) Спорт: Magic Points, Mana Points, Might Play, Mile Point, Movement Penalty, Multi Player

8) Латинский язык: Modus Ponens

9) Военный термин: Machine Pistol, Manpack, Map Pack, Map Project, Marine police, Marshalling Points, Master Plan, Message Parser, Military Personnel, Mind Points, Minuteman platform, Mission Profile, Mobility Plus, Modular Powered, Movement Planner, Multi Purpose, main parachute, maintainability plan, maintenance package, maintenance panel, maintenance parts, maintenance period, maintenance plan, maintenance point, maintenance procedure, maintenance program, management package, marching pack, maritime patrol, master pilot, meeting point, military pay, military procurement, military property, mine planter, missile platform, missile positioning, mobilization plan, monitor panel, motion picture production, motor potential

10) Техника: main propulsion, manpower, mean effective pressure, mean power, mean proportional, memorandum of partnership, mile-post, modulator, multiprocessor

11) Шутливое выражение: Magic Packet, Mischievous Pease, Mr Piggy, Mystery Pog

12) Химия: Metal Particle, Metal Particulate, Metal Poor

13) Математика: математическое программирование (mathematical programming), мультипликативное свойство (multiplication property), наиболее мощный (критерий), проблема минимизации (minimization problem)

14) Религия: Merry Part

15) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company

16) Юридический термин: Miscellaneous Proceeding, Missing Person, Moot Point, Mountain Patrol, Multi Profiling, Murder And Pillage, Mysterious Past, парламентарий (member of Parliament)

17) Бухгалтерия: Money Pit

18) Астрономия: Massive Protostar

19) Биржевой термин: Market Place

20) Ветеринария: Mud Puppies

21) Грубое выражение: Manipulative Prostitute, Master Pervert, Motherfucking Perfect

22) Дипломатический термин: член Европейского парламента

23) Музыка: Mezzo Piano, Music Positive

24) Политика: Mauritius

25) Телекоммуникации: Mobile Processor, Multilink PPP

26) Сокращение: Machine Pistole (Krimmi), compact sub machine gun (Germany; K), Manoeuvre Programmer, Manpower & Personnel (USAF), Marinha Portuguesa (Portugese Navy), Member of Parliament, Metal Particle (Tape), Metal-Piercing, Metropolitan Police, Military Police(man), Mission Planning, Mornarica Pjesadija (Croatian naval infantry), Moteur en Pylone (Pylon-mounted engine (France)), Multipole, Northern Mariana Islands, manufacturing and production, mass production, mounted police, multipurpose, Magnifying Power, Mandatory Protection, Manifold Pressure, Marginal Product, Membrane Potential, Memory Pointer, Minimal Protection, Monolithic Processor, Most Powerful

27) Текстиль: Matched Pair

28) Университет: My Problem

29) Физика: Magnetic Particle, Medium Prismatic, Modal Particle, Multi Physics

30) Физиология: Menstrual period, Metatarsal Phalanges, Mitochondria Points

31) Электроника: Madhya Pradesh, Maximum Power, Multi Phonon, Multi Polarized

32) Вычислительная техника: MultiProtocol, mathematical programming, microprocessor, (PPP) Multilink Protocol (MPPP, RFC 1990), MegaPIXEL (PIXEL, photo), Military Police (man), (контрольная) точка регулировки при профилактике

33) Нефть: maximum pressure, давление на всасывании (manifold pressure), период технического обслуживания (maintenance period), порядок технического обслуживания (maintenance procedure), среднее давление (mean pressure)

34) Картография: mooring post

35) Банковское дело: почтовый перевод (mail payment), microprinting (средство предотвращения копирования чеков)

36) Транспорт: Mopar Parts

37) Пищевая промышленность: Medium Pizza, Melon Popper, More Pints

38) Фирменный знак: Monolith Productions

39) Экология: Monitoring Plan

40) СМИ: Media Player, Motion Picture, Moving Picture, Multi Page, Multiple Part

41) Деловая лексика: Main Product, Manual Pickup, Mass Produced, Means Of Production, Mechanical Perfection, Modes Of Production, Music Profits, член парламента (Великобритания, Member of Parliament)

42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mud pump, СД (medium pressure)

43) Образование: Marking Period, module paper

44) Инвестиции: mail payment

45) Сетевые технологии: Message Passing, Modular Portal, Multi Point, Multi Protocol, multiprocessing, system multiprocessor system, мультипроцессорная обработка

46) Полимеры: medium pressure, molded plate, molding pressure

47) Программирование: Make Parameter, Multi Precision

48) Автоматика: machine perception, machine power, measurement processor

49) Контроль качества: Metrology Provision

50) Океанография: Mini Plankton

51) Безопасность: Message Protector

52) Расширение файла: Multiple Processors, Movie (MPEG compressed), Massively Parallel (processing)

53) Энергосистемы: market participant

54) Нефть и газ: main pipeline, makeup pump, marshalling panel, TP, МН, магистральный нефтепровод

55) Электротехника: main protection, metallized paper

56) Майкрософт: пакет управления, management point

57) Общественная организация: Mautner Project, Myelin Project

58) Должность: Material For Promotion, More Pension

59) Чат: Mom Pops

60) НАСА: Massively Parallel, Minor Planet, Multifunction Panel

61) Федеральное бюро расследований: Minneapolis Field Office

62) Единицы измерений: Mega Pixels

1) Общая лексика: многоцелевой, универсальный

2) Компьютерная техника: Macro Parameter, Management Processor, Mini Profile, Multi Platform, Multi Processing, Multi Processor, Multiple Processor

3) Морской термин: загрязнитель моря (Marine Pollutant( IMO cargo type classification))

4) Медицина: макулярный пигмент, митогенный протеин, предварительное намагничивание (magnetization prepared)

5) Американизм: Military Police

6) Ботаника: Murmuring Pine

7) Спорт: Magic Points, Mana Points, Might Play, Mile Point, Movement Penalty, Multi Player

8) Латинский язык: Modus Ponens

9) Военный термин: Machine Pistol, Manpack, Map Pack, Map Project, Marine police, Marshalling Points, Master Plan, Message Parser, Military Personnel, Mind Points, Minuteman platform, Mission Profile, Mobility Plus, Modular Powered, Movement Planner, Multi Purpose, main parachute, maintainability plan, maintenance package, maintenance panel, maintenance parts, maintenance period, maintenance plan, maintenance point, maintenance procedure, maintenance program, management package, marching pack, maritime patrol, master pilot, meeting point, military pay, military procurement, military property, mine planter, missile platform, missile positioning, mobilization plan, monitor panel, motion picture production, motor potential

10) Техника: main propulsion, manpower, mean effective pressure, mean power, mean proportional, memorandum of partnership, mile-post, modulator, multiprocessor

11) Шутливое выражение: Magic Packet, Mischievous Pease, Mr Piggy, Mystery Pog

12) Химия: Metal Particle, Metal Particulate, Metal Poor

13) Математика: математическое программирование (mathematical programming), мультипликативное свойство (multiplication property), наиболее мощный (критерий), проблема минимизации (minimization problem)

14) Религия: Merry Part

15) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company

16) Юридический термин: Miscellaneous Proceeding, Missing Person, Moot Point, Mountain Patrol, Multi Profiling, Murder And Pillage, Mysterious Past, парламентарий (member of Parliament)

17) Бухгалтерия: Money Pit

18) Астрономия: Massive Protostar

19) Биржевой термин: Market Place

20) Ветеринария: Mud Puppies

21) Грубое выражение: Manipulative Prostitute, Master Pervert, Motherfucking Perfect

22) Дипломатический термин: член Европейского парламента

23) Музыка: Mezzo Piano, Music Positive

24) Политика: Mauritius

25) Телекоммуникации: Mobile Processor, Multilink PPP

26) Сокращение: Machine Pistole (Krimmi), compact sub machine gun (Germany; K), Manoeuvre Programmer, Manpower & Personnel (USAF), Marinha Portuguesa (Portugese Navy), Member of Parliament, Metal Particle (Tape), Metal-Piercing, Metropolitan Police, Military Police(man), Mission Planning, Mornarica Pjesadija (Croatian naval infantry), Moteur en Pylone (Pylon-mounted engine (France)), Multipole, Northern Mariana Islands, manufacturing and production, mass production, mounted police, multipurpose, Magnifying Power, Mandatory Protection, Manifold Pressure, Marginal Product, Membrane Potential, Memory Pointer, Minimal Protection, Monolithic Processor, Most Powerful

27) Текстиль: Matched Pair

28) Университет: My Problem

29) Физика: Magnetic Particle, Medium Prismatic, Modal Particle, Multi Physics

30) Физиология: Menstrual period, Metatarsal Phalanges, Mitochondria Points

31) Электроника: Madhya Pradesh, Maximum Power, Multi Phonon, Multi Polarized

32) Вычислительная техника: MultiProtocol, mathematical programming, microprocessor, (PPP) Multilink Protocol (MPPP, RFC 1990), MegaPIXEL (PIXEL, photo), Military Police (man), (контрольная) точка регулировки при профилактике

33) Нефть: maximum pressure, давление на всасывании (manifold pressure), период технического обслуживания (maintenance period), порядок технического обслуживания (maintenance procedure), среднее давление (mean pressure)

34) Картография: mooring post

35) Банковское дело: почтовый перевод (mail payment), microprinting (средство предотвращения копирования чеков)

36) Транспорт: Mopar Parts

37) Пищевая промышленность: Medium Pizza, Melon Popper, More Pints

38) Фирменный знак: Monolith Productions

39) Экология: Monitoring Plan

40) СМИ: Media Player, Motion Picture, Moving Picture, Multi Page, Multiple Part

41) Деловая лексика: Main Product, Manual Pickup, Mass Produced, Means Of Production, Mechanical Perfection, Modes Of Production, Music Profits, член парламента (Великобритания, Member of Parliament)

42) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: mud pump, СД (medium pressure)

43) Образование: Marking Period, module paper

44) Инвестиции: mail payment

45) Сетевые технологии: Message Passing, Modular Portal, Multi Point, Multi Protocol, multiprocessing, system multiprocessor system, мультипроцессорная обработка

46) Полимеры: medium pressure, molded plate, molding pressure

47) Программирование: Make Parameter, Multi Precision

48) Автоматика: machine perception, machine power, measurement processor

49) Контроль качества: Metrology Provision

50) Океанография: Mini Plankton

51) Безопасность: Message Protector

52) Расширение файла: Multiple Processors, Movie (MPEG compressed), Massively Parallel (processing)

53) Энергосистемы: market participant

54) Нефть и газ: main pipeline, makeup pump, marshalling panel, TP, МН, магистральный нефтепровод

55) Электротехника: main protection, metallized paper

56) Майкрософт: пакет управления, management point

57) Общественная организация: Mautner Project, Myelin Project

58) Должность: Material For Promotion, More Pension

59) Чат: Mom Pops

60) НАСА: Massively Parallel, Minor Planet, Multifunction Panel

61) Федеральное бюро расследований: Minneapolis Field Office

62) Единицы измерений: Mega Pixels

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

[br]

[br]

Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.

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<tech.gen> ■ Gerüst n

<tech.gen> (gen.; e.g. of assemblies, windows etc.) ■ Rahmen m

<av> (video signal, semi-picture) ■ Halbbild n

<av> (of loudspeaker) ■ Korb m ; Chassis n

<av> (magnet. tape) ■ Sprosse f

<av> (video signal, full picture) ■ Vollbild n

<av> (of a sequence; e.g. of a motion picture, animated cartoon) ■ Bild n ; Einzelbild n

<av> ■ Teilraster m

US, obs <av> ■ Vollbild n

< build> (window, door) ■ Rahmen m allg ; Blendrahmen m DIN ; Zarge f

< build> ■ Rahmenwerk n

<build.int> (of a drywall assembly) ■ Unterkonstruktion f

< comvhcl> (of a bus) ■ Gerippe n ; Rahmengerippe n

< edp> (single picture in an animation sequence) ■ Frame m ; Zwischenbild n ; Einzelbild n

< edp> ■ Rahmen m ; Frame m ; Rahmenstruktur f

ISO 3309 < edp> (block of transfer data) ■ Datenübertragungsblock m DIN ISO 3309 ; DÜ-Block m

< garm> (of an umbrella) ■ Gestell n

< logist> (S/R machine) ■ Fahrrahmen m ; Rahmen m

<mach.tools> ■ Bundgatter n

<mech.eng> (buck-type) ■ Bock m

<mech.eng> (support stand; e.g. of machine tool) ■ Gestell n

<mech.eng> ■ Ständer m

< mil> ■ Rahmen m ; Griffstück n ; Scheibenrahmen m

< min> ■ Ausbaugeviert n

< mvhcl> (of vehicle body) ■ Rahmen m

US < mvhcl> (stress on: frame structure; e.g. of cars) ■ Fahrgestell n ; Chassis n prakt ; Rahmen m ugs ; Chassisrahmen m rar

< nav> (ship hull framing member) ■ Spant n/m

< opt> ■ Fassung f

< phot> (cropped image) ■ Bildausschnitt m ; Ausschnitt m

< phot> ■ Bilderrahmen m ; Rahmen m

< proc> (plate heat exchanger) ■ Gestell n

<proc.hydr> (band screen) ■ Gestell n ; Rahmen m

pract < tele> (for data transmission; e.g. UMTS uses 15 timeslots \@ 10 ms) ■ Rahmen m ; Zeitrahmen m

< tools> (of saw) ■ Bügel m

< vhcl> ■ Rahmen m

vt <tech.gen> (e.g. photograph) ■ einfassen vt

vt <tech.gen> ■ rahmen vt

vt < min> ■ verzimmern vt

vt < phot> (photograph, picture) ■ rahmen vt

vt < prod> (e.g. picture) ■ einrahmen vt

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording

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Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.

In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.

With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.

The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.

Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.

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KF / GB-N

1) промышленность

2) отрасль промышленности

3) фирма; предприятие